冬虫夏草预防糖尿病大鼠对比剂肾病机制研究

目的探讨冬虫夏草预防糖尿病大鼠对比剂肾病的机制。方法SD大鼠80只,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(60 mg/kg)建立糖尿病模型,并随机分为对照组(C组)、对比剂肾病组(CIN组)、冬虫夏草低剂量组(L组)、冬虫夏草标准剂量组(M组)和冬虫夏草强化剂量组(H组)。L组、M组、H组大鼠分别给予冬虫夏草(2.0、2.5、3.0 g/kg)灌胃,C组、CIN组则以等量生理盐水灌饲,连续7天。7天后检测SCr、BUN、尿蛋白排泄率(UAE)、一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)及IL-18。取左肾测病理和氧化应激指标;右肾用于Western Blot检测抗凋亡蛋白和促凋亡蛋白(包括:Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-9、p-Akt、p-mTOR、p-ERK、p-JNK、p-P70S6K)表达。结果与C组比较,CIN组SCr、BUN、UAE、MDA、NAGL、KIM-1、IL-18均明显升高,NO、T-SOD降低(P<0.05)。与CIN组比较,L组、M组、H组SCr、BUN、UAE、MDA均明显降低,NO、T-SOD升高(P<0.05);L组、H组NAGL、IL-18、降低(P<0.01),其中H组KIM-1均明显降低(P<0.01)。与L组、M组比较,H组SCr、BUN、UAE、MDA、NGAL、KIM-1、IL-18明显降低,NO、T-SOD升高(P<0.05)。与C组比较,CIN组Bcl-2、P-Akt、P-mTOR、P-P70S6K、P-ERK蛋白表达增加,Bax、P-JNK、Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达减少(P<0.05)。与CIN组比较,Bcl-2、P-Akt、P-mTOR、P-P70S6K、P-ERK蛋白表达在L组、M组、H组逐渐增加,其中H组最高(P<0.05),Bax、P-JNK、Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达L组、M组、H组逐渐减少,H组表达量最少(P<0.05)。结论冬虫夏草通过抗氧化应激、抑制脂质过氧化反应、抗凋亡等途径对糖尿病大鼠对比剂肾病发挥较好的保护作用,冬虫夏草强化剂量组优于低剂量组和标准剂量组。     

中西医联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变效果观察

目的研究中西医联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变患者的临床效果。方法按照随机数字表法将2017年7月-2018年6月期间本院收治的72例糖尿病周围神经病变患者分为两组,对照组36例采用常规西医治疗,观察组36例采用中西医联合治疗。将两组的神经传导速度、临床疗效、用药安全性进行比对。结果观察组糖尿病周围神经病变患者治疗后正中神经、尺神经的MNCV、SNCV均快于对照组,临床总有效率高于对照组,P<0.05;两组的不良反应发生率进行比较差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论中西医联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变患者具有较高的有效性和安全性。     

补肾化浊方联合粪菌移植对来曲唑诱导的多囊卵巢综合征大鼠生殖、代谢功能及相关炎症因子的影响

目的以肠道微生态为切入点探讨补肾化浊方联合粪菌移植治疗多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)潜在机制。方法将30只6周龄SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、中药组、粪菌移植组、中药+粪菌移植组,每组6只。来曲唑1 mg/(kg d)灌胃51 d,第22日起,中药组加灌补肾化浊方21.7 g/(kg d),粪菌移植组加灌新鲜粪便2 g/(kg d),中药+粪菌移植组加灌补肾化浊方21.7 g/(kg d)和新鲜粪便2 g/(kg d),连续30 d,另设空白组。干预结束后,腹主动脉取血检测大鼠血清性激素、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FPG),ELISA检测大鼠血清白细胞介素(IL)-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,HE染色观察大鼠卵巢形态学变化。结果与空白组比较,模型组大鼠卵巢呈多囊样改变,体质量、睾酮、黄体生成素(LH)/促卵泡激素(FSH)、FPG、HOMA-IR、IL-18、TNF-α水平均明显升高(P<0.01,P<0.001);与模型组比较,中药+粪菌移植组可显著改善上述指标(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),中药组可显著改善除TNF-α外各项指标(P<0.05,P<0.01),粪菌移植组可显著降低PCOS大鼠LH/FSH、IL-18水平(P<0.01,P<0.001);在降低IL-18水平方面,中药+粪菌移植组作用显著优于中药组(P<0.01)。结论中药联合粪菌移植可显著改善PCOS大鼠生殖和代谢功能,改善慢性炎症状态。     

基于糖脂代谢研究筋疽（糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽）湿热毒盛证

[目的]通过现代检验技术研究筋疽(糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽)湿热毒盛证的糖脂代谢指标。[方法]收集136例筋疽(糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽)患者进行不同证型间指标的比较。[结果]湿热毒盛证患者空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPBG)、晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)与其他证型比较存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。湿热毒盛证患者C-反应蛋白(CRP)、人可溶性血管细胞黏附分子1(sVCAM-1)与其他证型组间比较存在统计学差异(P<0.01)。[结论]筋疽(糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽)湿热毒盛证形成的原因与低营养状态下糖脂代谢紊乱引起的高血糖及持续炎症反应相关。     

2-Dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione,isolated from the root of Averrhoa carambola L., protects against diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting TLR4/TGFβ signaling pathway

ObjectiveDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of death and disability of diabetes mellitus. However, there is still a lack of specific drugs for the treatment of DKD. The chief aim of this research is to investigate the role and mechanism of 2-Dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (DMDD) for DKD.MethodsWild type and TLR4 knockout mice were induced to diabetes. After 4-week treatment with DMDD, blood sugar, renal function, blood lipid and pathological changes were assessed. Real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect the expressions of TLR4, TGFβ1 and Smad2/3 in the renal tissue.ResultsDMDD improved the serum lipid and decreased fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. CysC and urinary albumin levels increased markedly in the diabetic group, and they were obviously decreased after 4 weeks of DMDD treatment. Compared with the WT diabetic mice, the urinary albumin and CysC in the TLR4^-/- mice were expressed at lower levels. HE and Masson’s staining revealed that DMDD clearly ameliorated pathological changes and renal fibrosis. When TLR4 gene was knock out, the pathological was improved. Mechanistically, TLR4, TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were obvious up-regulation in the renal tissues of diabetic mice. The expressions of these proteins were significantly down-regulated after DMDD treatment (p < 0.05). In the TLR4^-/- mice, mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were obviously lower than those in the WT mice. In addition, IHC revealed that a strong in situ expressions of TLR4, TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were seen in the kidney tissues of diabetic mice, which were distinctly weakened in the DMDD-treated mice. In the TLR4^-/- mice, however, expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were not remarkable increase in the diabetic mice compared with normal mice.ConclusionsThese results strongly indicate that TLR4 is essential for DMDD protection against renal dysfunction in diabetic mice. Its hypoglycemic and anti-fibrosis effects were likely mediated by the TLR4/TGFβ signaling pathway.     

加味桃核承气汤防治糖尿病胃轻瘫作用机制及网络药理学分析

目的:运用网络药理学技术分析加味桃核承气汤治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫的作用靶点和相关信号通路,进一步分析其防治糖尿病胃轻瘫的理论基础和作用机制。方法:运用中药系统药理学成分分析平台(bioinformatics analysis tool for molecular mechanism of TCM,BATMAN-TCM)数据库获取加味桃核承气汤的化学成分及作用靶标基因,从comparative toxicogenomics database(CTD)数据库收集糖尿病胃轻瘫的靶标基因,将两者取交集后得到加味桃核承气汤--糖尿病胃轻瘫靶基因交集,运用STRING构建蛋白质间相互作用网络,并将结果进行网络可视化展示,通过Cytospace软件Clue GO,Clue Pedia插件进行加味桃核承气汤--糖尿病胃轻瘫靶基因交集的基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析,并将结果进行可视化展示。最后利用CTD数据库并结合文献学习,获取交集基因于糖尿病胃轻瘫的疾病治疗作用。结果:加味桃核承气汤的621个靶点基因中有25个靶点与糖尿病胃轻瘫相互关联,该方可能通过影响MLNR,SST,PTGS1,HRH2,HTR3A,HTR4,HTR7,NOS3基因表达,改善胃肠激素水平,影响血清素与其受体结合,活化腺苷酸环化酶(adenylate cyclase,AC),诱导环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,c AMP),蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)表达,从而激活AC/c AMP/PKA信号通路,并调节Ca2+/K+通道的开放,控制离子平衡,继而促进胃平滑肌适应,收缩胃平滑肌以调节胃容量,同时改善胃酸分泌,保护胃黏膜,不排除改善血管收缩功能、血流动力学的可能。结论:网络药理学方法科学分析加味桃核承气汤通过多方面防治糖尿病胃轻瘫的作用机制,阐释其中医药多靶点、多通路防治糖尿病胃轻瘫的治疗优势,为加味桃核承气汤后续的实验研究提供研究方向和理论参考。     

姜黄素促进高糖环境下骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的作用及机制研究

目的研究姜黄素对高糖环境下骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)成骨分化的影响及可能机制。方法原代分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,分为正常组、高糖组和高糖+姜黄素组。CCK-8检测细胞增殖;免疫荧光染色检测细胞NF-κB p65核转位; Western blot检测NF-κB p65核蛋白表达。成骨能力检测分为正常糖浓度成骨诱导组、高糖浓度成骨诱导组、高糖+姜黄素成骨诱导组,其中成骨诱导培养为每100 m Lα-MEM培养基中加入2 mmol/L谷氨酰胺、10 mmol/Lβ-甘油磷酸钠、10 nmol/L地塞米松、50 mg/L抗坏血酸。茜素红染色检测细胞钙结节形成,荧光定量PCR检测成骨相关基因Runx2和OCN mRNA表达。结果接种培养7 d,倒置显微镜下可见骨髓间充质干细胞集落,呈克隆性生长;传代培养以后细胞伸展为长梭形。CCK-8结果表明,与正常组比较,高糖组细胞1 d、3 d时增殖能力无显著性差异(P0.05); 5 d时与正常组比较,高糖组细胞增殖能力显著降低(P0.05); 1 d、3 d、5 d时姜黄素组与高糖组比较细胞增殖能力差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与正常组比较,高糖组细胞NF-κB p65活化入核增多,姜黄素组则抑制高糖浓度下细胞NF-κB p65核转位,Western blot显示姜黄素可抑制NF-κB p65核蛋白表达。各组细胞成骨诱导14 d后茜素红染色,正常组可见大量矿化结节,高糖组仅见少量矿化结节,而姜黄素处理可以明显促进高糖浓度下钙结节形成。PCR结果显示,各组细胞成骨诱导14 d后,与正常组比较,高糖组成骨分化相关基因Runx2、OCN mRNA表达显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);高糖+姜黄素组则可以促进高糖环境下骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化相关基因Runx2、OCN mRNA表达,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论姜黄素能促进高糖环境下骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化,其机制可能与抑制高糖浓度下细胞NF-κB p65活化相关。     

Analysis of proximal bone margins in diabetic foot osteomyelitis by conventional culture,DNA sequencing and microscopy

Multiple approaches were employed to detect pathogens from bone margins associated with Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis (DFO). Intra‐operative bone specimens of 14 consecutive subjects with suspected DFO were collected over a six‐month study period from Liverpool Hospital. Infected bone and a proximal bone margins presumed to be ‘clean/non‐infected’ were collected. Bone material was subjected to conventional culture, DNA sequencing and microscopy. In total, eight of 14 (57%) proximal bone margins had no growth by conventional culture but were identified in all proximal bone specimens by DNA sequencing. Proximal margins had lower median total microbial counts than infected specimens, but these differences were not statistically significant. Pathogens identified by sequencing in infected specimens were identified in proximal margins and the microbiomes were similar (ANOSIM = 0.02, p = 0.59). Using a combination of SEM and/or PNA‐FISH, we visualized the presence of microorganisms in infected bone specimens and their corresponding proximal margins of seven patients (50%) with DFO. We identify that bacteria can still reside in what seems to be proximal ‘clean’ margins. The significance and implications of clinical outcomes requires further analysis from a larger sample size that incorporates differences in surgical and post‐operative approaches, correlating any outcomes back to culture‐sequence findings.     

角膜电刺激对糖尿病大鼠前部缺血性视神经病变模型的影响

观察并评估角膜电刺激对糖尿病大鼠前部缺血性视神经病变（AION）模型的影响。方法：实验 研究。健康雄性Sparague-Dawley大鼠40只，随机分组后抽出8只作为正常大鼠组。余下32只先予 以链脲佐菌素腹腔注射建立糖尿病大鼠模型，将造模成功的大鼠随机抽出8只作为糖尿病组，余下 24只糖尿病大鼠采用孟加拉玫瑰红联合532 nm激光方法建立AION大鼠模型。将24只造模成功的 AION大鼠随机分成3组，每组8只，分别为AION模型组，不予任何处理；电刺激组，予以角膜电刺 激（刺激参数为：电流1 mA，频率20 Hz，波宽1 ms/phase，刺激时间1 h，隔日1次，刺激2周）；假电 刺激组，电极安放位置与电刺激组相同，仅不接通电源。2周后5组大鼠进行眼底照相、光学相干断 层扫描和视觉诱发电位，然后处死，行视网膜及视神经冰冻切片，苏木精伊红染色观察。数据采用 单因素方差分析和LSD-t检验进行分析。结果：正常大鼠组视盘上半部视网膜厚度为（211±13）μm， 糖尿病大鼠组为（206±16）μm，AION模型组为（240±54）μm，假电刺激组为（216±11）μm，电刺 激组为（198±4）μm，5组视盘上半部视网膜厚度差异有统计学意义（F=2.854，P=0.038）。其中AION 模型组视盘上半部视网膜厚度高于正常组、糖尿病组、电刺激组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）； 正常组与糖尿病组差异无统计学意义，AION模型组与假电刺激组未见明显差异。视觉诱发电位示 AION模型组N1潜伏期较电刺激组延长，差异有统计学意义（t=4.1，P<0.001）；AION模型组P1潜伏 期较正常组、糖尿病组、假电刺激组、电刺激组延长，差异均有统计学意义（t=4.1、2.5、2.6、3.2， P<0.05）；电刺激组N1-P1波幅大于假电刺激组，差异有统计学意义（t=4.0，P<0.001）。结论：角膜电 刺激能促进糖尿病大鼠前部缺血性视神经病变模型肿胀的视盘变薄，加速视盘水肿的消退，同时在 一定程度上改善视功能。